Discussing the Theory Modernization as a Cause of Secularization Essay

Today, most people think that something has happened regarding the importance of religiosity in everyday life, but nobody is rather sure how to generalize it, or even if it can be generalized. As industrialization and modernity has increased, religion has lost some of its social significance. This has been especially pitiful for sociologists. Is it simply, as the classic theorists of secularization said a century ago, that when a society becomes modern it becomes secular too? Does modernity necessarily imply secularity? secularization is a process of change as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly disjunct relationship with general actions. It is a controversial term because the whole idea of secularization can be confused with secularism, a philosophical and political movement that promotes the idea that society benefits by being less religious, whereas the opposing view is that the values and beliefs unders tood in religions support a more moral and, therefore, break in society. As stated by sociologists, secularization has many levels of meaning, both as a theory and a historical process. Theoreticians such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and cubic cen quantifyter Durkheim, postulated that the modernization of society would see a decline in levels of religiosity. The study of the process seeks to determine the manner in which, or extent to which religious doctrines, practices and institutions be losing their social significance. Both rely on the concept of a secular state one that separates governmental and religious institutions, and bases its authority on man-made law, non in religious-doctrine.The Secularization of Religion Debate is a conversation ... ...e life and times of secularization theory will be turned over to historians, who competency just see it as yet another example of the glaring flaw of the social sciences. Furthermore, the secularization theory emerg ed at roughly the same time as the field of sociology, which was, at root, preoccupied with the meaning of modernization and fashion the theory of modernization. Along with bureaucratization, rationalization, and urbanization, secularization constituted a basic part of what it meant to be modern. Is it too far fetched to think that sociology, modernity, and secularization all need each other to survive? If secularization is tossed aside as an unreliable component of what it representation to be modern, what might fall away next? And if rationalization, bureaucratization, and urbanization prove unreliable what will happen? It is still ongoing, so lets cargo deck and see.

Historical Events that Impacted Contact Improvisation Essay -- Dance T

Historical Events that Impacted refer Improvisation Dance has evolved greatly polish off-to-end the centuries. It began with ballet and has led up to contact temporary expedient. This hit of dance begun in the early 1970s and was started by a man named Steve Paxton and a group of postmodern dancers from mod York City. Contact improvisation is a partnering form of dance and known as the art of moving spontaneously with a group or another person. This form of dance does not require the exact set of traditional skills of other dance form, it doesnt have a technique that could be studied, and it is practiced in order to accomplish the highest potential. Contact improvisation came at a great time period, which of course was the 70s. The main historical events that were taking place then were the Watergate Scandal, the end of the Cold War, and the Vietnam War.The Watergate Scandal was a very important and altering event in our nations history. The Watergate Scandal was during a presidential campaign when DC police arrested five men caught breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in a residence complex, the Watergate. Eventually, the scandal got back to Nixon and they realized that he was behind it. Then the House of Judiciary Committee adopted three articles of impeachment, which were Nixons abusing of power, obstructing justice, and defying Judiciary Committee subpoenas. Before Nixon was impeached he resigned from the presidency on dire 9, 1974. After this happened people had less confidence in the nation and Americans became suspicious of the government. This scandal I think had little affect on contact improvisation. They business leader have started this because they were showing their anger or unt... ... better way for people to express their emotions. First of all, improvisation is dancing what your feeling or thinking at that time so that expresses your emotions, and therefore contact improvisation would be more eff ective to get your feelings out on war.In conclusion, contact improvisation was a very big development especially for its time period. It is a partnering form and known as an art of moving spontaneously with another person. Steve Paxton began contact improvisation during the early 1970s. The events that were going on in the United States during the 70s had a great impact on contact improvisation. The main historical events during the 70s were the Watergate Scandal, the end of the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. Contact improvisation has been a source of many new understandings in dancing and it has affected a lot of contemporary choreography.

Research Methods Essay -- Quantitative Method, Qualitative Method

quantifiable and Qualitative are said to be taxonomic in different design. Both design have to follow a process system that involved defining a principle of research. General speaking, duodecimal research is thought to be objective, however qualitative research often involves a subjective element. There are differences designs in qualitative research in comparison to quantitative research. Qualitative research involves words, pictures, or objects Quantitative involves data in the degree of numbers and statistics. However, the researcher uses in-depth interviews in qualitative research to distinguish out how the subjects view their world. In quantitative research the researcher uses precise measurement to predict hypotheses. Whereas, qualitative research the researcher changes the environment of the subject and uses these in-depth questionnaires to chance on differing attitudes about the world we research live in. Similarly, quantitative can be personal, such as in the period ic visits with the researchers to analysis symptoms and record data. Qualitative and Quantitative can overlap each other, for example, in the in-dept interview process in quantitative research to record data and test subjects for symptoms. They can overlap still conclusively differences such numerical data collection and statistics that will always be at odds. Qualitative and Quantitative design have many return and disadvantage. There are different designs that allow researches to draw different kinds of conclusions and Interpretations. For example Qualitative research can be critical. Qualitative data are super varied in nature. For Example, Quantitative focuses on tightly controlled variables in a structured setting to provide an explanation of la... ...earch checks reliability and validity in the form of prolonged treatment, triangulation, and persistent observation. For Example, Quantitative in Nonexperimental research involves observing and measuring things as they are . Naturalistic observation, interview, survey, case history, and psychometric scales are some of the methods used when it is non possible or unethical to manipulate an independent variable. Nonexperimental research is used to provide solutions to problems. Nonexperimental research can add to what we know by common ace because we can test our beliefs to see how true they are. Both methods also have ways of sampling. Random sampling is preferred in quantitative research. This allows the researcher to choice a representation of a larger group and the results can be generalized to the larger group. In qualitative research, sampling is not random.

Reservoir Dogs :: essays research papers

Reservoir Dogs is a gangster movie with a difference. Instead of the gangsters creation portrayed as slick professionals who always stay calm and collected, they are portrayed realistically. Reservoir Dogs is about a group of 5 professional thieves who endeavour to rob a je wellery store. However, one of the team, Mr Orange (played by Tim Roth) is an undercover police officer. After the group enter the jewellery store and employee turns on an alarm and one of the men, Mr Blonde starts shooting the staff and customers, before the police get there, and the team escapes by stealing cars and shooting police officers dead. When the surviving members of the team get together at a warehouse, debate begins regarding who the rat is.In the movie, the story as outlined above is non presented in such a linear way. The movie begins with the team members eat with the boss, Joe at a restaurant, a comical scene where they are light-heartedly discussing the meaning of the song "Like a Virg in" and why society demands that populate tip waitresses. However, the mood of this film dramatically changes after the introductory credits when the scene is changed to a stolen car, where Mr Orange is in the back seat screaming "Im gonna shtup die", clutching at his bloody wound is his belly. This sets the scene for the rest of the movie that occurs after the robbery, as most of what happens is arguments between various people as to who the rat is, much leading to threats, and more than once, the teammates draw their guns on each other, and in the end, Joe (the boss), Big Eddie (Joes son) are killed in a triangular shooting over whether or not Orange is the rat.The non-lineal sequence of events is not at all confusing, and adds to the interest and intrigue as the movie progresses. This movie would not have been so acclaimed, had it companioned the traditional sequence, where we follow firs the preparation of the cop, the preparation of the robbery, the robbery and then the rendezvous. If Reservoir Dogs had been set out in such a manner, one could easily see what would happen well before it did.For the most part, this film is about honour among thieves", and the aspect of professionalism in crime. There is much discussion about Mr Blondes action when the alarm went off, and Mr White emphatically states that he is a "psycho", and "unprofessional" and in the end Mr White ends up being shot because he is convinced that Mr Orange is not the rat.

Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

Censorship     Everyone has a voice and an opinion. Some people, unfortunately, be censored and denied the right to express their opinion because it is different. Because everyone thinks they argon right, if something is new or different, it will, to a greater extent often than not, be disliked because people do not like to hear new and different ideas. It is not right that some people squeeze out express their opinion and some are censored and cannot express their opinion because their opinion is different from the norm. Censorship is wrong because it denies an individual the chance to be comprehend simply because they have different ideas. It also restricts freedom of information, which is vital to the survival of Democracy. With censorship, moral, artistic, and intellectual growth would cease to exist, and people would have no choice to conceptualise what the government tells them, because they would have no other sources of information to turn to. Nazi Ge r many used censorship as a prime tool to keep the reasonable people ignorant and promote anti-Semitism.      The United States Constitution says in the First Amendment, Congress shall make no lawabridging the freedom of speech (qtd. in Murphy) which marrow that any material in any medium art, music, literature, spoken, cannot be altered by the government in any way. The people of the United States of America are free to express their opinion in any way, shape, or form without fear of repercussions from the government or others. Therefore, censorship is a violation of an Americans First Amendment rights. According to an article on Eric Nuzums website, after September 11th, a list of over 150 lyrically questionable songs was circulated to radio stations, press restraint of these songs, out of respect for the dead. ( Nuzum). In the list, all songs by Rage Against the Machine was listed. Rage Against the Machine is a band famous for its controversial governmenta l views. Almost none of Rages songs bear reference to flying airplanes into buildings. There is no reason for all of their songs to be censored. This is an example of censorship. Silencing someone because of ideas that are different. Rage Against the Machine has a right to express their ideas without repercussions, and to censor all their songs from the radio is a violation of their right to free speech. According to an arti... ...any. It strips the common man of individualism, keeps him ignorant, and makes him a prime target for manipulation by malicious persons. Censorship has long been the tool of fascists, and totalitarian dictatorships who seek to use the common man for their own malicious intents. Censorship ensured that the Nazis had the German public in their grip as they bombarded them on a daily basis on how their lives had been improved from the day Hitler became Germanys leader. nought good has or will become of censorship.Murphy, Gerald. "Bill of Rights." Leg al Information Institute. 14 Mar. 1993. Cornell U. 12 Feb. 2005 .Kingsbury, Alex. "A Windy War of Words." U.S News and World field of study Feb. 2005 16.Nuzum, Eric. "Sound Off Our Attitudes Toward Music Parallel Our Belief in Freedom." Parental Advisory Music Censorship in America. 30 Oct. 2001. 12 Feb. 2005 .Rovers, Ronald. "The silencing of Theo van Gogh." Salon. 24 Nov. 2004. 9 May 2005http//www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/11/24/vangogh/index.html"Discriminate." Dictionary. 2000. 10 May 2005 .Alexander, Jeff. "Blue In The Face." Rock Out Censorship. 2003. 10 May 2005

Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

Censorship     Everyone has a voice and an opinion. Some volume, unfortunately, be censored and denied the pay off to express their opinion beca expend it is different. Because everyone thinks they are right, if something is new or different, it will, more often than not, be disliked because people do not like to hear new and different ideas. It is not right that some people can express their opinion and some are censored and cannot express their opinion because their opinion is different from the norm. Censorship is wrong because it denies an individualist the chance to be heard simply because they see different ideas. It also restricts license of information, which is vital to the survival of Democracy. With censorship, moral, artistic, and intellectual growth would cease to exist, and people would have no choice to believe what the government tells them, because they would have no other sources of information to turn to. Nazi Germany used censorship as a superlative tool to keep the average people ignorant and promote anti-Semitism.      The United States Constitution says in the First Amendment, Congress shall make no lawabridging the issuedom of speech (qtd. in Murphy) which means that any material in any medium art, music, literature, spoken, cannot be altered by the government in any way. The people of the United States of America are free to express their opinion in any way, shape, or form without fear of repercussions from the government or others. Therefore, censorship is a violation of an Americans First Amendment rights. According to an article on Eric Nuzums website, after September 11th, a list of over 150 lyrically questionable songs was circulated to radio stations, urging restraint of these songs, out of respect for the dead. ( Nuzum). In the list, all songs by Rage Against the Machine was listed. Rage Against the Machine is a echo famous for its controversial political views. Almost none of Rag es songs bear reference to flying airplanes into buildings. There is no reason for all of their songs to be censored. This is an example of censorship. Silencing someone because of ideas that are different. Rage Against the Machine has a right to express their ideas without repercussions, and to censor all their songs from the radio is a violation of their right to free speech. According to an arti... ...any. It strips the common man of individualism, keeps him ignorant, and makes him a prime target for manipulation by malicious persons. Censorship has long been the tool of fascists, and totalitarian dictatorships who seek to use the common man for their own malicious intents. Censorship ensured that the Nazis had the German public in their grip as they bombarded them on a daily basis on how their lives had been improved from the day Hitler became Germanys leader. Nothing good has or will become of censorship.Murphy, Gerald. "Bill of Rights." Legal Information Institute. 14 Mar. 1993. Cornell U. 12 Feb. 2005 .Kingsbury, Alex. "A Windy warfare of Words." U.S News and World Report Feb. 2005 16.Nuzum, Eric. "Sound Off Our Attitudes Toward Music Parallel Our Belief in Freedom." Parental Advisory Music Censorship in America. 30 Oct. 2001. 12 Feb. 2005 .Rovers, Ronald. "The silencing of Theo van Gogh." Salon. 24 Nov. 2004. 9 May 2005http//www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/11/24/vangogh/index.html"Discriminate." Dictionary. 2000. 10 May 2005 .Alexander, Jeff. "Blue In The Face." Rock come out Censorship. 2003. 10 May 2005

Euroland Food S.a

UVA-F-1356 Euroland Foods S. A. ACCESSING YOUR DOCUMENT(S) Please follow these instructions to success wide of the marky access your inscription(s) 1. Enter your email consultation and click Submit. Note Your email is the email address used to bring into being your Darden Business Publishing account when you placed your on-line order. 2. Agree to the Terms of Use doing so will permit you to unlock the document. 3. give Allow to enable the PDF document to communicate with the external servers. (Failing to Allow will render the document to remain inaccessable. ) DOCUMENT EXPIRATION Our electronic pitch shot brass is a convenient way for ou to immediately access your document and bring out it, plot of ground always being able to access the nigh menstruum version. This document will expire in 90 geezerhood after you number one open it. When the expiration date passes, the document will be locked and inaccessible, so be sure to print your hard copy if you require it. After the document is unlocked, you will be able to view and print it for 14 days off-line after that, you must go to the My Account section of DardenBusinessPublishing. com and log into the document under Digital Downloads. ? Automatically sign me into this document in the future. (Do not bring this when using a public computer)TERMS OF USE I understand and agree that this document will be active for viewing and printing for 90 days from the date I first open it. After 90 days, I will receive an expiration notification, and I will no longer endure access to the electronic document. I understand that I may access this document on up to two different computers within the 90-day active period. I agree not to forward this document to whatsoeverone else. I agree to print that one copy of this document for my personal use. I agree to print multiple copies only if I have already purchased copyright permissions for the exact number of copies I wish to make.Document ID 2012 -1-23 ( Versio n 2. 6. 0 B uild The protectedpdf technology is procure 2006 Vitrium Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved. Patents Pending. UVA-F-1356 Version 1. 1 EUROLAND FOODS S. A. In early January 2001, the senior management perpetration of Euroland Foods was to meet to draw up the firm? s capital cipher for the impertinently year. Up for consideration were 11 major meets that originaled to a greater extent than (euro) EUR316 million. Unfortunately, the card of managing directors had imposed a spending limit on capital projects of only EUR120 million unconstipated so, investment at that rate would represent a major increase in the firm? current asset base of EUR965 million. Thus, the shorten exception for the senior managers of Euroland Foods was to allocate funds among a range of compelling projects untried-product introduction, acquisition, merchandise amplification, competency improvements, preventive maintenance, safety, and pollution control. The Company Euroland Foods, headqu artered in Brussels, Belgium, was a multinational producer of high-quality churl cream, yoghurt, bottled water, and fruit ju drinking glasss. Its products were sold throughout Scandinavia, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, western Germany, and northern France. (See Exhibit 1 for a map of the corporation? selling region. ) The federation was founded in 1924 by Theo Verdin, a Belgian farmer, as an offshoot of his dairy job. Through his keen attention to product development and shrewd marketing, the business grew steadily over the years. The come with went public in 1979, and, by 1993, was listed for art on the London, Frankfurt, and Brussels exchanges. In 2000, Euroland Foods had sales of almost EUR1. 6 billion. Ice cream accounted for 60% of the company? s revenue yogurt, which was cited in 1982, contributed about 20%. The remaining 20% of sales was divided ablely between bottled water and fruit juices.Euroland Foods? s flagship brand key out was ? Rolly,? w hich was represented by a fat dancing bear in farmer? s clothing. Ice cream, the company? s leading product, had a hard-core base of customers who sought out its high-butterfat content, large chunks of chocolate, fruit, nuts, and wide range of original flavors. This case was prepared by Casey Opitz and Robert F. Bruner, Dean and Charles C. Abbott Professor of Business Administration, and draws certain elements from an originator case by them. All names are fictitious. The fiscal deport of the Batten Institute is gratefully acknowledged.It was written as a basis for sept discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 2001 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to emailprotected com. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval transcription, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means? electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise? without the permission of the Darden School Foundation. -2- UVA-F-1356 Euroland Foods sales had been static since 1998 (see Exhibit 2), which management attributed to low people growth in northern Europe and market saturation in some areas. Outside observers, however, faulted new-fashioned failures in new-product introductions. Most members of management wanted to embroider the company? s market presence and introduce more(prenominal) new products to boost sales. Those managers hoped that increased market presence and sales would improve the company? market value. The company? s stock was currently at 14 times earnings, just below book value. This price/earnings ratio was below the trading multiples of comparable companies, and it gave little value to the company? s brands. Resource Allocation The capital budget at Euroland Foods was prepared annually by a committee of senior managers, wh o then presented it for approval to the board of directors. The committee consisted of five managing directors, the professorship directeur-general (PDG), and the finance director. Typically, the PDG solicited investment proposals from the managing directors.The proposals included a brief project description, a financial analysis, and a discussion of strategic or other qualitative considerations. As a matter of policy, investment proposals at Euroland Foods were subject to two financial tests retribution and internal rate of return (IRR). The tests, or hurdles, had been established in 1999 by the management committee and varied according to the type of project as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Project hurdles. Minimum Acceptable IRR Maximum Acceptable Payback Years 1. New product or new markets 12% 6 years 2. Product or market extension 10% 5 years 3.Efficiency improvements 8% 4 years 4. Safety or environmental No test No test Type of Project In January 2001, the estimated weighted-av erage damage of capital (WACC) for Euroland Foods was 10. 6%. In describing the capital-budgeting process, the finance director, Trudi Lauf, verbalise We use the sliding weighing machine of IRR tests as a way of recognizing differences in risk among the various types of projects. Where the company takes more risk, we should earn more return. The payback test signals that we are not prepared to wait for long to achieve that return. -3- UVA-F-1356 Ownership and the Sentiment of Creditors and Investors Euroland Foods? s 12-member board of directors included three members of the Verdin family, four members of management, and five outside directors who were prominent managers or public figures in northern Europe. Members of the Verdin family combined owned 20% of Euroland Foods? s shares outstanding, and company executives combined owned 10% of the shares. Venus Asset Management, a mutual-fund management company in London, held 12%.Banque du Bruges et des Pays Bas held 9% and had one representative on the board of directors. The remaining 49% of the firm? s shares were widely held. The firm? s shares traded in Brussels and Frankfurt, Germany. At a debt-to- candor ratio of 125%, Euroland Foods was leveraged much more highly than its peers in the European consumer-foods industry. Management had relied on debt financing significantly in the retiring(a) few years to pose the firm? s capital spending and dividends during a period of price wars initiated by Euroland. Now, with the price wars finished, Euroland? bankers (led by Banque du Bruges) strongly urged an aggressive course of instruction of debt decrement. In any event, they were not prepared to finance increases in leverage beyond the current direct. The president of Banque du Bruges had remarked at a recent board meeting Restoring some strength to the right-hand side of the balance sheet should now be a first priority. Any expansion of assets should be financed from the bills flow after debt amortization until the debt ratio returns to a more prudent level. If there are crucial investments that cannot be funded this way, then we should cut the dividendAt a price-to-earnings ratio of 14 times, shares of Euroland Foods common stock were priced below the average multiples of peer companies and the average multiples of all companies on the exchanges where Euroland Foods was traded. This was attributable to the recent price wars, which had suppressed the company? s profitability, and to the well-known recent failure of the company to seize significant market share with a new product line of flavored mineral water. Since January 2000, all the major securities houses had been issuing ? sell? recommendations to investors in Euroland Foods shares.Venus Asset Management had quietly accumulated shares during this period, however, in the expectation of a turnaround in the firm? s performance. At the most recent board meeting, the senior managing director of Venus gave a presentation, in which he said Cutting the dividend is unthinkable, as it would signal a lack of faith in your own future. Selling new shares of stock at this depressed price level is besides unthinkable, as it would impose unacceptable dilution on your current shareholders. Your equity investors expect an improvement in performance. If that improvement is not forthcoming, or worse, if investors? opes are dashed, your shares expertness fall into the hands of raiders like Carlo de Benedetti or the Flick brothers. 1 1 De Benedetti of Milan and the Flick brothers of Munich were leaders of prominent hostile-takeover attempts in recent years. -4- UVA-F-1356 At the conclusion of the most recent meeting of the directors, the board voted unanimously to limit capital spending to EUR120 million in 2001. Members of the Senior Management CommitteeSeven senior managers of Euroland Foods would prepare the capital budget. For consideration, from each one project had to be s ponsored by one of the managers present. Usually the decision process included a period of discussion followed by a vote on two to four alternative capital budgets. The various executives were well known to each other Wilhelmina Verdin (Belgian), PDG, age 57. Granddaughter of the founder and spokesperson on the board of directors for the Verdin family? s interests. Worked for the company her consummate career, with significant experience in brand management. Elected ? European Marketer of the Year? n 1982 for successfully introducing low-fat yogurt and ice cream, the first major roll-out of this type of product. Eager to position the company for long-term growth but cautious in the wake of recent difficulties. Trudi Lauf (Swiss), finance director, age 51. Hired from Nestle in 1995 to modernize financial controls and systems. Had been a vocal proponent of reducing leverage on the balance sheet. Also, voiced the concerns and frustrations of stockholders. Heinz Klink (German), managin g director for Distribution, age 49. Oversaw the transportation, warehousing, and order-fulfillment activities in the company.Spoilage, transport courts, stock-outs, and control systems were perennial challenges. Maarten Leyden (Dutch), managing director for Production and Purchasing, age 59. Managed labor operations at the company? s 14 bes. manoeuver by training. Tough negotiator, especially with unions and suppliers. A fanatic about production-cost control. Had voiced doubts about the sincerity of creditors? and investors? commitment to the firm. Marco Ponti (Italian), managing director of Sales, age 45. Oversaw the field sales crowd of 250 representatives and planned changes in geographical sales coverage.The most vocal proponent of rapid expansion on the senior-management committee. Saw several opportunities for ways to improve geographical positioning. Hired from Unilever in 1993 to revitalize the sales organization, which he successfully accomplished. Fabienne Morin (Fr ench), managing director for Marketing, age 41. Responsible for marketing research, new-product development, advertising, and in general, brand management. The primary advocate of the recent price war, which, although financially difficult, realized solid gains in market share. Perceived a ? window of opportunity? or product and market expansion and tended to support growth-oriented projects. Nigel Humbolt (British), managing director for Strategic Planning, age 47. Hired two years previously from a well-known consulting firm to set up a strategic homework staff -5- UVA-F-1356 for Euroland Foods. Known for asking difficult and challenging questions about Euroland? s core business, its maturity, and profitability. Supported initiatives aimed at growth and market share.Had presented the most aggressive proposals in 2000, none of which were accepted. Becoming frustrated with what he perceived to be his lack of influence in the organization. The Expenditure Proposa ls The forthcoming meeting would entertain the following proposals in Table 2 Table 2. Project proposals. Project Expenditure (euro millions) Sponsoring Manager 1. Replacement and expansion of the truck fleet 33 Klink, distribution 2. A new plant 45 Leyden, production 3. Expansion of a plant 15 Leyden, production 4. Development and roll-out of snack foods 27 Morin, marketing 5. Plant automation and conveyer belt systems 21 Leyden, production . Effluent-water treatment at four plants 6 Leyden, production 7. Market expansion sulphur 30 Ponti, sales 8. Market expansion eastbound 30 Ponti, sales 9. Development and introduction of new artificially sweeten yogurt and ice cream 27 Morin, marketing 10. Networked, computer-based inventorycontrol system for warehouses and field representatives 22. 5 Klink, distribution 11. Acquisition of a leading schnapps brand and associated facilities 60 Humbolt, strategic planning 1. Replacement and expansion of the truck fleet Heinz Klink proposed to purchase one hundred new refrigerated tractor-trailer trucks, 50 each in 2001 and 2002.By doing so, the company could sell 60 old, fully depreciated trucks over the two years for a total of EUR4. 05 million. The purchase would expand the fleet by 40 trucks within two years. Each of the new trailers would be larger than the old trailers and afforded a 15% increase in cubic meters of goods hauled on each trip. The new tractors would also be more fuel- and maintenance-efficient. The increase in the number of trucks would permit more flexible scheduling and more efficient routing and servicing of the fleet than at present and would cut delivery times and, therefore, possibly inventories. It -6- UVA-F-1356 would also allow more frequent deliveries to the company? s major markets, which would reduce the loss of sales caused by stock-outs. Finally, expanding the fleet would support geographical expansion over the long term. As shown in Exhibit 3, the total net invest ment in trucks of EUR30 million and the increase in functional capital to support added maintenance, fuel, payroll, and inventories of EUR3 million was expected to yield total cost nest egg and added sales potential of EUR11. million over the next seven years. The resulting IRR was estimated to be 7. 8%, marginally below the minimum 8% required return on efficiency projects. Some of the managers wondered if this project would be more properly classified as ? efficiency? than ? expansion.? 2. A new plant Maarten Leyden noted that Euroland Foods yogurt and ice-cream sales in the southeastern region of the company? s market were about to exceed the capacity of its Melun, France, manufacturing and packaging plant. At present, some of the demand was being met by shipments from the company? s newest, most efficient facility, located in Strasbourg, France.Shipping costs over that distance were high, however, and some sales were undoubtedly being lost when the marketing effort could not b e supported by delivery. Leyden proposed that a new manufacturing and packaging plant be built in Dijon, France, just at the current southern edge of the Euroland Foods marketing region, to take the burden off the Melun and Strasbourg plants. The cost of that plant would be EUR37. 5 million and would entail EUR7. 5 million for working capital. The EUR21 million worth of equipment would be amortized over seven years, and the plant over ten years.Through an increase in sales and depreciation and the decrease in delivery costs, the plant was expected to yield after-tax cash flows totaling EUR35. 6 million and an IRR of 11. 3% over the next 10 years. This project would be classified as a market extension. 3. Expansion of a plant In addition to the need for greater production capacity in Euroland Foods? s southeastern region, its Nuremberg, Germany, plant had reached full capacity. This situation made the scheduling of routine equipment maintenance difficult, which, in turn, created prod uction scheduling and deadline problems.This plant was one of two highly automated facilities that produced the Euroland Foods? s entire line of bottled water, mineral water, and fruit juices. The Nuremberg plant supplied central and western Europe. (The other plant, near Copenhagen, Denmark, supplied the Euroland Foods northern European markets. ) The Nuremberg plant capacity could be expanded by 20% for EUR15 million. The equipment (EUR10. 5 million) would be depreciated over seven years, and the plant over ten years. The increased capacity was expected to result in additional production of up to EUR2. 5 million a year, yielding an IRR of 11. 2%. This project would be classified as a market extension. 4. Development and roll-out of snack foods Fabienne Morin suggested that the company use the excess capacity at its Antwerp spice- and nut-processing facility to produce a line of alter fruits to be test-marketed in Belgium, Britain, and the Netherlands. She noted the strength of th e Rolly brand in those countries and the success of other food and swallow companies that had expanded into snack food production. She argued that the Euroland Foods? reputation for wholesome, quality products would be enhanced by a line of dried fruits and, further, that name -7- UVA-F-1356 association with the new product would probably even lead to increased sales of the company? s other products among health-conscious consumers. Equipment and working-capital investments were expected to total EUR22. 5 million and EUR4. 5 million, respectively, for this project.The equipment would be depreciated over seven years. Assuming the test market was successful, cash flows from the project would be able to support further plant expansions in other strategic locations. The IRR was expected to be 13. 4%, slightly above the required return of 12% for new-product projects. 5. Plant automation and conveyer systems Maarten Leyden also requested EUR21 million to increase au tomation of the production lines at six of the company? s older plants. The result would be improved throughput speed and bring down accidents, spillage, and production tieups.The last two plants the company had built included conveyer systems that eliminated the need for any heavy lifting by employees. The systems reduced the chance of injury by employees at the six older plants, the company had preserve an average of 223 missed-worker days per year per plant in the last two years because of muscle injuries sustained in heavy lifting. At an average hourly total compensation rate of EUR14. 00 an hour, more than EUR150,000 a year were thus lost, and the possibility always existed of more serious injuries and lawsuits. Overall, cost savings and depreciation totaling EUR4. 3 million a year for the project were expected to yield an IRR of 8. 7%. This project would be classed in the efficiency category. 6. Effluent-water treatment at four plants Euroland Foods preprocessed a variety of fresh fruits at its Melun and Strasbourg plants. One of the first stages of processing involved cleaning the fruit to acquire dirt and pesticides. The dirty water was simply sent down the drain and into the Seine or Rhine Rivers. Recent European Community directives called for any wastewater containing even slight traces of poisonous chemicals to be treated at the sources, and gave companies four years to comply.As an environmentally oriented project, this proposal fell outside the normal financial tests of project attractiveness. Leyden noted, however, that the water-treatment equipment could be purchased today for EUR6 million he speculated that the same equipment would cost EUR15 million in four years when immediate conversion became mandatory. In the intervening time, the company would run the risks that European Community regulators would shorten the compliance time or that the company? s pollution record would become public and impair the realise of the company in the eyes of the consumer.This project would be classed in the environmental category. 7 and 8. Market expansions southward and atomic number 99 Marco Ponti recommended that the company expand its market southward to include southern France, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain, and/or eastward to include eastern Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria. Ponti believed the time was right to expand sales of ice cream, and perhaps yogurt, geographically. In theory, the company could sustain expansions in both directions simultaneously, but practically, Ponti doubted that the sales and distribution organizations could sustain both expansions at once.Each alternative geographical expansion had its benefits and risks. If the company expanded eastward, it could reach a large population with a great appetite for frozen dairy products, but it would also face more competition from local and regional ice cream -8- UVA-F-1356 manufacturers. Moreover, consumers in eastern Germany, Pola nd, and Czechoslovakia did not have the purchasing power that consumers to the south did.The eastward expansion would have to be supplied from plants in Nuremberg, Strasbourg, and Hamburg. Looking southward, the tables were move more purchasing power and less competition but also a vitiateder consumer appetite for ice cream and yogurt. A southward expansion would require building consumer demand for premium-quality yogurt and ice cream. If neither of the plant proposals (proposals 2 and 3) was accepted, then the southward expansion would need to be supplied from plants in Melun, Strasbourg, and Rouen. The initial cost of either proposal was EUR30 million of working capital.The bulk of this project? s costs was expected to involve the financing of distributorships, but over the 10-year foreshadow period, the distributors would gradually take over the burden of carrying receivables and inventory. Both expansion proposals assumed the rental of suitable warehouse and distribution fac ilities. The after-tax cash flows were expected to total EUR56. 3 million for southward expansion and EUR48. 8 million for eastward expansion. Marco Ponti pointed out that southward expansion meant a higher possible IRR but that moving eastward was a less risky proposition.The projected IRRs were 21. 4% and 18. 8% for southern and eastern expansion, respectively. These projects would be classed in the marketextension category. 9. Development and introduction of new artificially sweetened yogurt and ice cream Fabienne Morin noted that recent developments in the synthesis of artificial sweeteners were showing promise of significant cost savings to food and beverage producers as well as stimulating growing demand for low-calorie products. The challenge was to create the right flavor to complement or enhance the other ingredients.For ice cream manufacturers, the difficulty lay in creating a balance that would result in the same flavor as was obtained when using natural sweeteners artifi cial sweeteners might, of course, create a superior taste. In addition, EUR27 million would be needed to commercialize a yogurt line that had received promising results in laboratory tests. This cost included acquiring specialized production facilities, working capital, and the cost of the initial product introduction. The overall IRR was estimated to be 20. 5%.Morin stressed that the proposal, although highly uncertain in terms of actual results, could be viewed as a means of protecting present market share, because other high-quality icecream producers carrying out the same research might introduce these products if the Rolly brand did not carry an artificially sweetened line and its competitors did, the brand might suffer. Morin also noted the parallels between innovating with artificial sweeteners and the company? s past success in introducing low-fat products. This project ould be classed in the new-product category of investments. 10. Networked, computer-based inventory-contro l system for warehouses and field representatives. Heinz Klink had pressed unsuccessfully for three years for a state-of-the-art -9- UVA-F-1356 computer-based inventory-control system that would link field sales representatives, distributors, drivers, warehouses, and possibly even retailers.The benefits of such a system would be shorter delays in ordering and order processing, better control of inventory, reduction of spoilage, and faster recognition of changes in demand at the customer level. Klink was reluctant to quantify these benefits, because they could range between modest and quite large amounts. This year, for the first time, he presented a cash-flow forecast, however, that reflected an initial outlay of EUR18 million for the system, followed by EUR4. 5 million in the next year for ancillary equipment. The inflows reflected depreciation tax shields, tax credits, cost reductions in warehousing, and reduced inventory.He forecast these benefits to last for only three years. Even so, the project? s IRR was estimated to be 16. 2%. This project would be classed in the efficiency category of proposals. 11. Acquisition of a leading schnapps2 brand and associated facilities. Nigel Humbolt had advocated making diversifying acquisitions in an effort to move beyond the company? s mature core business but doing so in a way that exploited the company? s skills in brand management. He had explored six possible related industries in the general field of consumer packaged goods and determined that cordials and liqueurs offered unusual opportunities for eal growth and, at the same time, market protection through branding. He had identified four small producers of well-established brands of liqueurs as acquisition candidates. Following exploratory talks with each, he had determined that only one company could be purchased in the near future, namely, the leading toffee-nosed European manufacturer of schnapps, located in Munich. The proposal was expe nsive EUR25 million to buy the company and EUR30 million to renovate the company? s facilities completely while simultaneously expanding distribution to new geographical markets.The expected returns were high after-tax cash flows were projected to be EUR198. 5 million, yielding an IRR of 27. 5%. This project would be classed in the new-product category of proposals. Conclusion Each member of the management committee was expected to come to the meeting prepared to present and defend a proposal for the storage allocation of Euroland Foods? s capital budget of EUR120 million. Exhibit 3 summarizes the various projects in terms of their free cash flows and the investment-performance criteria. 2 Any of various strong modify liquors, such as a strong Dutch gin.Definition borrowed from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. -10- UVA-F-1356 Exhibit 1 EUROLAND FOODS S. A. Nations where Euroland Foods Competed Note The shaded area on this map revea ls the principal distribution region of Euroland? s products. Important facilities are indicated by the following figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium Plant, Antwerp, Belgium Plant, Strasbourg, France Plant, Nuremberg, Germany Plant, Hamburg, GermanyPlant, Copenhagen, Denmark Plant, Svald, Sweden Plant, Nelly-on-Mersey, England Plant, Caen, France Plant, Melun, France -11- UVA-F-1356 Exhibit 2 EUROLAND FOODS S. A. Summary of Financial Results (all values in euro millions, except per-share amounts) Fiscal Year Ending declination 1998 1999 Gross sales 1,614 1,608 1,611 Net income 77 74 56 1. 13 1. 08 0. 81 Dividends 30 30 30 Total assets 716 870 984 Shareholders? equity (book value) 559 640 697 1,271 1,258 784 Earnings per shareShareholders? equity (market value) 2000 -12- UVA-F-1356 Exhibit 3 EUROLAND FOODS S. A. Free Cash Flows and Analysis of Proposed Projects1 (all values in euro millions) Project 1 2 Expand Truck Fleet (note 3) Investment proportion Working Capital 3 New Plant (Dijon, France) 4 5 6 Expanded Automation Plant and (Nuremberg, Conveyer Germany) Snack Foods S ystems 7 8 9 10 Southward Expansion (note 5) Eastward E xpansion (note 5) Artificial S weetener InventoryControl S ystem StrategicA cquisition (note 6) 30. 00 3. 00 37. 50 7. 50 15. 00 0. 00 -17. 10 -11. 85 4. 50 5. 25 6. 00 6. 75 7. 50 10. 50 11. 55 -45. 00 3. 00 7. 50 8. 25 9. 00 9. 38 9. 75 10. 13 7. 50 7. 88 8. 25 35. 63 -15. 00 1. 88 2. 25 2. 63 3. 00 3. 38 3. 75 2. 25 2. 25 2. 25 2. 25 10. 88 6 4 6 5 6 5 7 6 6 4 5 6 IRR Minimum Accepted ROR Spread 7. 8% 8. 0% -0. 2% 11. 3% 10. 0% 1. 3% 11. 2% 10. 0% 1. 2% 13. 4% 12. 0% 1. 4% 8. 7% 8. 0% 0. 7% NPV at Corp. WACC (10. 6%) -2. 88 1. 49 0. 41 3. 74 NPV at Minimum ROR -0. 19 2. 81 0. 82 Equivalent Annuity (note 2) -0. 04 0. 46 0. 13 Y ear 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Undiscounted Sum Payback (years) Maximum Payback Accepted 2. 50 21. 00 0. 00 0. 00 4. 50 0. 00 30. 00 30. 00 eval uate FREE CASH FLOWS (note 4) -9. 00 -21. 00 -30. 00 -30. 00 -9. 00 4. 13 5. 25 4. 50 -9. 00 4. 13 6. 00 5. 25 4. 50 4. 13 6. 75 6. 00 4. 50 4. 13 7. 50 6. 75 6. 00 4. 13 8. 25 7. 50 6. 75 4. 13 9. 00 8. 25 7. 50 4. 13 9. 75 9. 00 8. 25 10. 50 9. 75 9. 00 11. 25 10. 50 9. 75 12. 00 11. 25 29. 25 7. 88 56. 25 48. 75 22. 50 4. 50 22. 50 0. 00 45. 00 15. 00 -27. 00 4. 50 6. 00 6. 75 7. 50 7. 50 7. 50 7. 50 7. 50 7. 50 7. 50 42. 75 -18. 00 8. 25 8. 25 7. 50 6. 00 -25. 00 -30. 00 7. 50 13. 50 16. 50 19. 50 22. 50 25. 50 28. 50 31. 50 88. 50 198. 50 5 6 5 6 3 4 5 6 21. 4% 12. 0% 9. 4% 8. 8% 12. 0% 6. 8% 20. 5% 12. 0% 8. 5% 16. 2% 8. 0% 8. 2% 27. 5% 12. 0% 15. 5% -1. 31 17. 99 13. 49 13. 43 1. 75 69. 45 1. 79 0. 48 14. 85 10. 62 10. 97 2. 67 59. 65 0. 32 0. 09 2. 63 1. 88 1. 94 1. 03 10. 56 1 The effluent treatment program is not included in this exhibit. The equivalent annuity of a project is that level annual payment that yields a net present value equal to the NPV at the minimum require d rate of return for that project. Annuity corrects for differences in duration among various projects. In ranking projects on the basis of equivalent annuity, large annuities create more investor wealth than smaller annuities. This reflects EUR16. 5 million spent both initially and at the end of year one. 4 Free cash flow = Incremental profit or cost savings after taxes + Depreciation Investment in fixed assets and working capital. 5 Franchisees would gradually take over the burden of carrying receivables and inventory. 6 EUR25 million would be spent in the first year, EUR30 million in the second, and EUR5 million in the third. 2

Essentialist and Post Structuralist Theories of Race and Ethnicity Essay

Identity Analysis Toward Productive Pedagogies An Essentialist and Post Structuralist Perspective Race and heathenishity will be used to analyse the central theme of individuality from an essentialist and view geomorphologicist perspective. Definitions of rush along and ethnicity will be presented and distinctions made surrounded by the two categories. The character Eva from the film The Freedom Writers will be used as a mediocre and present an argument that charge and ethnicity atomic number 18 loving constructs but not absent of essentialist influences.Following a self reflection of my suffer individuation the similarities between Eva and I show a congruence between essentialist perspectives of race and ethnicity to the hold upence of ethnic tensions and prejudice. In the context of Post structural theory it will be argued that it offers a more realistic and progressive appraisal of individuation as smooth-spoken and changing through neighborly contexts. Difference s between Evas and my avouch individualism serve to highlight the inequality of governing tillage over ethnic minorities.Therefore, pedagogical strategies will be examined from a post structural perspective as a means to promote inclusivity and authentic endemical perspectives within the classroom. Essentialist theories about ethnicity and race present these identity themes as stock-still and unchangeable. Weber (1978) defines race identity as common inherited and inheritable traits that actually derive from common descent (p. 368 ). The character Eva from the film The Freedom Writers identities her race as those south of the hem in, or specifically Hispanic. culturality from an essentialist perspective differs from race as Zagefka (2008) ascribes to the notion that essentialist accounts of ethnicity maintain that ethnic groups have a certain essence which determines their character (p. 1). Therefore, essentialist ethnicity elaborates on race identity informing that behavio ural traits are also biologically determined. Evas statement We fight over race, pride and respect illustrates the essentialist nature of laid, unchangeable boundaries that hold up between her group and other ethnic groups.Evas racial hatred of the other ethnic groups is evident through her gang affiliations and violent behaviour toward them. An essentialist perceptive would assume that Evas racial hatred is determined at birth but as Evas character develops throughout the film the essentialist perspective loses rigourousness and Evas sense of identity is seen to be socially constructed. Post structural theory maintains that race and ethnicity are socially constructed presenting Evas identity as fluid and evolving.However, Morning (2006) concludes that the conception of race as rooted in biological difference endures, at least in the United States today. Therefore, ethnicity offers a more authentic depth psychology of Evas identity formation from a post structuralist perspective then the residual of essentialism that exists in relation to her racial conceptualisations. In Evas shaping years her subjectivities about race were essentialised from her fathers emphasis of her origins and therefore the requisite to protect your own.The violence from other ethnic groups and the arrest of her father because of his ethnic background resulted in an intense hatred for white people. Eva hated white people on sight. Evas hatred developed over fourth dimension through social contexts involving ethnic and racial violence. Evas changing identity is equal from a post structural perceptive through narrative and social interactions in Mrs Gurwalls classroom. Marra (2005) states that biography is a powerful means of constructing different kinds of social identity, including ethnic identity. (p. 2).Using a diary as an artifact Eva is able reflect on her own subjectivities about identity to better understand her beliefs and values (J Nailer, 2005 p. 152). Through social interactions in the classroom under the focussing of her reader Evas ethnic identity is reconstructed to establish a type of class ethnicity involving students from different races. As a self reflection affect my own personal identity tidy sum be examined through essentialist and post structural perspectives centred on themes of race and identity. During my childhood years race identity was represented from an essentialist perspective.I identified as a member of the white race and was educated from a white, colonial historical perspective. Instilled from an early age was the notion that creation black meant be inferior. Not only did I perceive Indigenous people as those who sat in the park and got drunk but I engaged in racist language such as nigger and coon. My prejudice is highlighted by Brickman (2009) who suggests Indeed, for social categories based on race, increased bit of genetic theories (one component of psychological essentialism) has been linked to increased prej udice (p. 2).My parents assisted in the facilitation of my racial essentialism as did many other adults and peers of my own racial group. During my shaping years my identity based upon being a member of the white race assumed greater intelligence, privilege and more appropriate behaviour than Indigenous peoples. The distinction between race and ethnicity is evident when according to Chandra (2006), an ethnic group is a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of a common culture, a link with a homeland and sense of solidarity (p.403).This statement relates to when I left my small town and attended an stiff private college whilst undertaking university study. Although surrounded by members of the same white race I identified with an ethnic group in the context of people from my own town.The essentialist and constructiveness theories for identity are distinct yet in practice difficult to separate. Ayirtman (2007) presents constructionist perspectives as the intersubjective formation of individual identities through confrontation and interaction with other(s) (p.10) whilst Chandra (2006) proposes that changes in ethnicity are constrained by descent-based attributes.In the context of race and ethnicity both statements were appropriate to the way I constructed my own identity throughout my adult years. The immersion in multiculturalism from a large city and university institution influenced me to many different races and ethnic groups. The confrontation of cultural diversity increased fluidity in the boundaries that constituted my identity about themes of race and ethnicity.However, the recognition of cultural differences in relation to my original culture and race still left intact some relatively fixed boundaries around essentialist perspectives. It is evident that Eva and I had different life experiences yet similarities emerge between our two identities. Prominent commonalities between Eva and I r elate to the essentialist perspective of race and ethnicity our childhood and adolescence years. Both Eva and I expressed prejudice toward other ethnic groups based on the biological characteristics of race and ethnicity.In relation to ethnicity and race the formative years consisted of plainly fixed and rigid boundaries around identity groups. Juteau (1996) describes these boundaries as monolithic and static, seen as grounded in common origin, genealogy and ancestry (p. 57). Similar to Eva the fixed nature of my identity boundaries correlated to racial and ethnic tensions resulting sometimes in violence, in varying degrees. Despite essentialised race and ethnicity in formative years commonalities exist between Eva and me through a post structuralist perspective.Racial prejudice was socially constructed through repeated discourses of conflict between racial groups throughout childhood and adolescence. Narrative through the evolving artefact of a diary allowed both Eva and I to ana lyse our subjectivities about aspects of our identities and both had the experience of an excellent teacher through which effective social interactions allowed empowerment and progressive reconstruction of identity. A key difference between me and the character Eva in The Freedom Writers is that I identified with the plethoric Discourse in society and Eva identified as a member of a minority ethnic group.Thomson states A successful school student is one who has acquired much of the dominant habitus, that is, ways of being in the world, as well as the cultural and symbolic capital derived from their schooling (p. 8). An analysis of Thomsons statement work on two levels. At the school level, and identifying as a member of the dominant culture, allowed me to be familiar with school discourse and the fellowships treasured there in. Evas ethnic and racial identity immediately placed her at odds with the school discourse which restricted her acquisition of cultural capital.At the leve l of society I was able to exert more agency through the social influence that a familiar discourse facilitated. A seemingly natural relationship existed through identification with a common culture, language and physical race attributes. Evas race and ethnicity reduced the agency she could exert against the dominant culture. Her common culture and race attributes are at odds in a society where the majority race was white. The similarities and differences evident between Evas identity and my own identity offer invaluable understandings to develop positive, productive teacher-student interactions in the classroom.Taking a post structural approach to pedagogy teachers can be aware that their own subjectivities will influence the way they teach. (Nayler 2005). . In a multi-cultural scenario where individual students bring a variety of cultural identities into the classroom a teacher faces the challenge of facilitating inclusive pedagogical practices. Carrington advises that the teache r facilitates a culture of respect and value for all members of the class. (p. 113).This statement requires student interactions that involve listening to other students and being encouraged to support each other through peer assisted learning. Classroom organisation must allow students to actively participate in altogether class, group collaboration, independent and problem- based learning. These student practices must be based around purposeful knowledge that engage what Thomson (2002) refers to as a students virtual schoolbag (p. 1). Through strong relationships between teacher, parent and community what students have learnt at home and in wider society can be transferred into the classroom.Therefore individual students knowledges, narratives and interests can be recognised and built upon with high teacher expectations of connecting them to the valued knowledges of the school curriculum. (Thomson, 2002). More specifically, is the need to embed Indigenous perspectives into the classroom. When embedding Indigenous studies into the classroom teachers (non-indigenous especially) need to access authentic knowledge and often admit their shortcomings in relation to skills and knowledge required to teach such units.Miller, Troy and Currell (2005) point out the risk that as members of the dominant culture (we are all white Australian), perhaps we found it easy to recidivate to a knowledge base that we had naturally accepted since early childhood (p. 61). Teachers must be critical about the resources they select to teach Indigenous studies whilst hammer strong relationships with Indigenous communities. These factors will ensure that Indigenous studies are taught from an indigenous perspective and not corrupted by social, political and historical perspectives of the dominant culture of which many teachers identify with.The identity categories of race and ethnicity can be analysed from an essentialist and post structuralist perspective. The post structural perspe ctive of race and ethnicity presents a more authentic analysis of identity as being influenced by different social contexts. Whilst the post structural perspective offers a more progressive application to Evas and my own identities essentialist influences are not invisible. The commonality of prejudice through race and ethnicity being essentialised offers an excellent reference point to show the usefulness of a post structural approach to productive teacher pedagogies.A post structural perspective offers the opportunity for teachers to critically reflect upon their own subjectivities in the context of their own identities. Teachers can therefore adopt pedagogical strategies that promote inclusiveness in the classroom and embrace the richness of cultural diversity, whilst linking the diverse array of knowledges to the value knowledges of the school curriculum. References 1. Marra, M (2005). Constructing Ethnicity and Leadership Through Storytelling at Work. Retrieved from http//www. mang. canterbury. ac. nz/anzca/FullPapers/06WorkCommFINALed.pdf 2. Carrington, S. (2007). Classroom relationships, pedagogy and practice in the inclusive classroom. In M. Keeffe & S. Carrington (Eds), Schools and diversity(2nd ed. ). (pp. 108-127). Sydney Pearson Australia. 3. Miller, M. , Dunn, T. & Currell, K. (2005). Learning and the importance of sagacious Student perspectives on centralising Indigenous knowledge in their preparation as teachers. In J. Phillips & Lampert (Eds), Introductory Indigenous studies in education The importance of knowing. (pp. 60-79). Sydney Pearson Australia. 4. Thomson, P. (2002).Vicki and Thanh. In Schooling the rustbelt kidsMaking the difference in Changing times (pp. 1-18). Crows Nest Allen & Unwind. 5. Nailer, J. (2005). Understanding ourselves. In J. Austin (Ed), Culture and Identity (2nd end). (pp. 139-154). Sydney Pearson Australia 6. Morning, A. (2006). Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective A Cross-National Survey of the 2000 Census Ro und. Retrieved from http//as. nyu. edu/docs/IO/1043/Morning_2008_Ethnic_Classification_in_Global_Perspective. pdf 7. Brickman, D. (2009). The Implications of Essentialist Beliefs for Prejudice.Retrieved from http//deepblue. lib. umich. edu/bitstream/2027. 42/63752/1/dbrick_1. pdf 8. Chandra, H. (2006). What is Ethnic Identity and does it Matter. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, (pp 397-424. ) Retrieved from http//www. nyu. edu/gsas/dept/ political sympathies/faculty/chandra/ars2005. pdf 9. Juteau, D. (1996). Theorising ethnicity and ethnic communalisations at the margins from Quebec to the world system. Nations and Nationalism, 2(1), (pp 45-66. ) Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1354-5078. 1996. 00045. x/abstract 10.Ayirtman, S. (2007). Recognition through Deliberation Toward Deliberative Accommodation of Cultural Diversity. Retrieved from http//arts. monash. edu. au/ pounds per square inch/news-and-events/apsa/refereed-papers/political-theory/say irtman. pdf 11. Zagefka, H (2008). The concept of ethnicity in social psychological research Definitional issues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(3), (pp 228-241. ). 12. Gruwell, E (Writer), & Lagravenese, R (Director). (2006). In D. Devito, M. Shamberg, & S. Sheer (Producers), The Freedom Writers. Paramount Pictures.

Organization or institution Essay

A indemnity butt be defined as a convey to the displaceions or lasts of people in organization or foundation garment. A insurance policy states how members of an organization should act in specific situations which occur frequently and relate boastful numbers of people in a group. A policy has three compvirtuosonts namely it mustiness have a exhibit to achieve certain goals, it must have specific goals to realize and it must have a underframework inwardly which it functions. According to Dimock a scholar, policies argon important in guiding the bear of people who make decisions and take actions in organizations.However, the term policy is often conf utilise with former(a) related terms such as a rule, a invent, a decision and a procedure but in reality there is a marked difference between a policy and these otherwise terms. According to the scholar known as James Anderson in his book titled world policy analysis, public policy is ab seeded player forward wherefore giving medication do things they choose to do and the difference that it makes. governance does many things such as conflict resolution in society, organizing society to carry out conflicts with other societies.Governments excessively distribute a great variety of goods and suffices to the members of the society mainly in the form of valuatees. Thus, public policies whitethorn regulate behavior, deck out bureaucracies, distribute goods, collect receipts any other desirable activity. For this reason public policy is designed to alleviate personal discomfort or societal unease. This is due to the situation that people expect establishment activity to do many things for them and indeed there are no personal or societal problems for which more(prenominal) or less group give not demand a government solution. human beings policy studies therefore deals with the description and ex intentations of causes and consequences of government activity. It therefore connotes a positive typeface of an action in the sense that it emphasizes an initiative by government to solve problems faced by people. The government has many sources of tax which include Taxes-The government foot get its taxation from various sources of taxes in a country. Tax is a compulsory contribution by the government on its citizens to enable it to meet its set downs for a common cause.Tax enables the government to provide societal and merit goods and services. These are the so called public goods and are consumed by all citizens irrespective of whether they pay tax or not e. g. provision of roads, bridges, social facilities etc. Also tax income is used as a controlling the flow of cash and capital in a country to ensure economic stability. It is used as a tool of economic policy e. g. im redact of high import duty in order to protect local industries granting of capital allowances and other tax incentives to encourage the inflow of direct foreign investment.Internal borrowing is another method whereby the public policy can get its funding. This is done through the sale of treasury bills and bonds. It might be restricted to a given percentage of gross domestic help products. Although used, it has some effects like it pushes up the interest rates in the economy hence increasing the cost of capital and it may exercise inflationary pressure on the economy once the government repays the coin. Aids and grants. This may be given by international monetary fund and World edge and other bilateral donors.But it has constraints like strict terms and conditions which are obligate by donors which may be chagrin to the nation, it may not be sufficient to solve the compute dearth problems of the government. External borrowing usually from other countries or organizations such as IMF and World Bank. It has effects like humiliating terms and conditions and in addition the country ordain increase its already heavily burden of external debt. A BUDGET AS APUBLIC POLICY A wor k out is prevalently a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and expending.A cypher is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a cypher line to illustrate the trade-offs between two or more goods. The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of the expected financial results of channel activities. The assets should be valued with each and every cost. All other expenses are like labor factory operating expense all freshmen expenses are also included into business budgeting. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the general assembly.Its rent could be to present in summary form the facts unavoidable to shape the policy of the government as head as provide financial support. The summaries of fact included in the budget could also serve as a key to the details of transactions and of estimates which could be submitted wi th the budget. The constitution inhibition that no money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by the law makes the budget an instrument of legislative control over the administration. To appliance policies, government requires money as well as institutional structure.The budgetary process provides a means of allocating the available resources among competing interests to which they could be applied. When they device a budget, decision makers function within a definite resource constraint and must base their decisions on the assumption that no more revenue will come in. Therefore they allot the available amount of money for the greatest social, economic and political benefit. Each year there must be a unexampled budget and an annual band has evolved for the appropriation and intake of available public moneys.The repetitive nature of the budget cycle is important, for those involved might behave other than if they did not know that they have to come back each year after year to get more money. For instance, the government of United States budget form provides the means for the president and congress to decide on how much money to use, what to use it on, and ways of raising the money they have decided to use. It is through the budget system, whereby they determine how the allocation of resources between the agencies of the federal government.In most cases there are consequences in the decisions made during budget process due to the fact that they shine the state as a solely, nation and local governments, and individuals in the country. Budget decisions in most cases have significance in most of the countries in the whole universe. After the congress and the president have enacted budget decisions into law, the budget system on the other hand ensures that these laws are carried out. The process of planning future business actions and expressing those plans in a formal manner is what is referred as budgeting.A budget is a formal statement of future plans since the economic or financial aspects of the government are primary matters of comity. Every commencement of the government is necessarily high complex and technical . A budget therefore supply the need for an telling means whereby those who are amenable for direction and control over technical process and who understands the technical needs of the service may formally present to the legislature and through the legislature to the people a well defined plan of work to be financed in order that the government may make a provisional for needs of the country.The ways in which budgets are made reflect the choices, policies and philosophies of governments. Public finance covers budgeting as well as taxes and revenue. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal which have great chances of impacting as a public policy tool. Taxation deals with policy issues including regulating the activities of firms in certain sectors, affecting produ ction in that it can be used to encourage or discourage production, stabilization of the economy through control of inflation and even the distribution of wealth e.g. exempting low income earners from paying tax. The budget allocations are made to government departments and ministries like agriculture, education, public health, trade, foreign affairs, defense, transport, etc and are formally made by pertinent ministries. The exact character of engrossed revenues varies from case to case. Bureaucratic politics is naturally concerned not only with the direct allocation of budget items but also with a struggle to engross revenues and create monopolies or cartels.Well established government involvement in agriculture includes state corporations like on sugar. Government agencies may be assigned monopolistic rights for the exploitation of mineral resources, to produce and sell sugar or to sell seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, a public health may be established e. g. a dispensary to of fer Medicare facilities at a subsidized rate and in indemnification the government generates revenue. The result is that public enterprise truly pays its own way and even produces a profit which goes into the state budget.The national budget as a policy tool also focuses on education. Public education may be defined as schooling mandated for or offered to all children by the government whether national, regional or local provided by an institution of civil government and paying(a) for in whole or in part by taxes. Public education is applied to basic education, primary and junior-grade schools. Moreover, post secondary education like middle-level colleges and advanced education e. g. universities-all these constitute public education since the government subsidizes or pays in full to patron students.Ideally, the budget is designed to meet most of the foreseen programs and upchucks. In spite of the significance of the budget in education, agriculture, revenue generation, spendi ng etc, it is equally necessary to state that the government experiences various trys including property loss, loss of income or increased costs, damage to real and personal property, liability etc. Different strategies are used to manage risks including risk elimination, risk reduction, risk assumption, risk transfer and risk insurance.However, problems in budgetary process seem to be widespread. The list may not be arrant(a) but these include Uncontrollable expenditure the most important uncontrollable expenditures are the large entitlement programs of social welfare spending such as social security, Medicare and unemployment benefits, back door spending expenditure decisions that are not actually made through the formal appropriation process, reprogramming and transfers i. e. the shifting of funds within a specific appropriation account.Reprogramming involves shifting obligation authority from one program element to another and supplemental appropriations i. e. made outside the normal budget circle to cover shortfalls during the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations occur during recession, the demand for unemployment tending naturally increases and supplemental funding will be required. The budget is made up of revenue and expenditure proposal and hence such proposals have a greater chance on impacting on public policy.A budget as a policy tool acts as a source of motivation because budgets provides the standards against which actual performance is evaluated and the manner in which it is used can significantly affect the mental attitude of those who are to be evaluated. If the government is not careful a budgeting process may have negative impacts on the attitudes of the civil servants. A budget is considered as a proposal to be prepared by the administration and submitted to the legislature. A national budget thus prepared and presented would serve the purpose of a prospectus.The act of appropriation as the legal means of making funds available to t he executive branch enables the executive or some officer directly responsible to the executive, to exercise administrative control over liabilities incurred and over expenditures made by the many officers and agents employed by the government in the conduct of its business. Every branch of the business of the government is necessarily highly complex and technical. An act of appropriation of public money should therefore be the result of the most careful consideration of both branches of the government.For the purpose of consideration on the relation of revenue and borrowing to welfare, a budget is necessary. The budget as a policy tool is used as a basis for evaluating performance among various government ministries. The control functions of the government require that departments /ministries draft an evaluation report on their performance. A budget greatly determines their performance as it allocates various amount of funds to each. Although past performance among various ministri es is potentially superior for determining whether the actual results are agreeable or in need of collective actions.Budgeting promotes study, research and focus of the future when the government plans with sufficient care and details to prepare a budget, the planning process involves thorough study and research. Not only should this results in the best conceivable plans but it should also instill in executive the habit of doing a just amount of research before decisions are made. Allocation of taxpayers money by the budget is massive hence before deciding on what project the government should undertake some funds are set aside by the budget to carry out thorough research to come up with realistic and attainable goals.The budget can mostly be viewed from the economic consideration. The budget serves as a fiscal policy in terms of expenditure and revenue to stabilize the economy. Governments spend money on a wide variety of things from the military and services like education and h ealthcare as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. These expenditures can be funded through taxation, borrowing money from the population, benefit from printing money, sale of fixed assets, pulmonary tuberculosis of fiscal reserves etc. Governments borrow money and may sometimes incur debts.Several circumstances may force governments into a debtor position including, the need to cover deficits resulting from annual expenditures, the need to finance a long-term project and a short-term cash management to provide disbursement of payments in a timely fashion. No document can rightly be called a budget that does not set up a complete plan of the proposed expenditures for a definite period and balance those expenditures with the estimated means of financing this show a complete picture of the governments finances.The budget should be setup and summarized as to make this picture quite clear to the citizens and taxpayers. A budget should be adopted before the beginning of t he fiscal period to which it relates so that necessary accounts can be setup. Effective control over the execution of the budget plan the proper executive authority and supervision should be provided to put the plan into operation. Physical control should be established through accounts and otherwise ensure that the expenditure of the government are being made to the budget plan.Staff assistance must be considered depending upon the size of the government that can give attention exclusively to the collection of the budget information. There is need for government to have giving and accurate information which must be reliable and indicate clearly the scope of the work and the various activities of the government. For the purpose of considering the relations of revenue and borrowing to welfare, the budget should present for consideration of the legislature a definite financial program.The level of government borrowing is an important part of fiscal policy and management of aggregate d demand in any economy. When the government is carry throughning a budget deficit, it means that in a given year, heart and soul government expenditure exceeds total tax revenue. As a result, the government has to borrow through the issue of debt such as Treasury Bills and long-term government Bonds. The issue of debt is done by the central bank and involves selling debt to the bond and bill markets. Each general fund spending agencys financial overview presents and outlines revenues and expenditures for the current budget.The scheme describes the spending agencys mission statement services provided, staffing summary, objectives, goals, current year budget highlights and performance measurement information. Each of the other funds classified as special revenue funds, enterprise funds, capital project funds, and cozy service funds are detailed in the same format as the general fund. Describe restrictions that are (or could be) placed on those revenues. The government can give res trictions on its revenue in order to achieve its goals or objectives.For example the taxation of citizens must be compulsory so as to raise public revenue in order to meet public expenditure relating to maintenance of internal security and external defense of a country and also provision of basic social services at a subsidized cost e. g. education, water, amateur activities, health facilities etc. In most cases, accrual basis of accounting is used to in full so as to record expenses as paid not when they take place, diminishing the value of the governments capital assets. This is not accounted for as cash expenses, in the long-term, their value as an asset or liability is recognized.It can be recorded through measurement focus as a separate account, realized as revenue in one department, or revealed as an expense in another. For instance, the general funds and purchasing department would work in series in this kind of arrangement so as to manage the amount used up for procurement a nd adjust budgets for extra expenses, such as buy of extended warranties and service plans. The restrictions placed from congress, grantors and clandestine groups often restrict these funds for specialized uses.The government may restrict that revenue coming from taxation for example will be used to run free education for university students or be used to carry out research. The general fund holds money in reserve to pay for utility expenses, or earmarks it with the donors wishes for example where the donor wants a certain project to be established by the lending. Capital assets are recorded as expense when they occur, not as cash income which is not the case with businesses. The nature of organizations divides funds into categories of resource restriction not functional operations.Evaluate how public policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues. For example where the government imposes high rate of tax for its employees or businessmen may make employees to start practicing tax evasion. This is due to the high amounts they will be required to pay as tax and it will minimize their profits which is their objective as they where venturing into business. Decisions suggested in the previous enacted budgets, and how programs are actually performing influence decisions concerning the future budget of a country.The decision-makers in a country must consider the effects of economic and technical assumptions on the budget estimates so as to avoid over/underestimation. , the rate of inflation, interest rates, the unemployment rate, economic growth and the number of people eligible for various benefit programs, among other things, affect government spending and receipts. For example the government can start some programs in the country so as to help the unemployed to at least to be busy somewhere making something small to sustain them hence affecting the government receipts and spending as it was not budgeted for.Small changes in these assumptions can affect budget e stimates by a large amount of money. Through the process of adopting a budget resolution, it concurs on levels for total spending and receipts, the size of the deficit or surplus, and the debt limit. Stages of implementation of the decisions can use feedback to make changes when high cost programs to collect taxes are reactive to public reaction, overruns in cost, long term worth of the policy, manpower and tangible, employee activity ,time, and the use of consultants, and third party vendors with substantial interest and involvement in policy objectives.Usually implementation is the actual application of a policy and it involves activities such as disbursement of funds, the general mobilization of resources in order to actualize programs and projects. The debt issues as other sources, discounts as other income, while the debt service expenditures express issuance costs. Analyze the economic conditions that affect revenue projections Inflation and the rising cost of employee benef its. For example hyperinflation which is the most serious type of inflation also known as runaway or galloping inflation .it has been experienced in Germany, Austria, Hungary, China and other countries of South America. When this type is experienced, the currency in circulation becomes unacceptable and in the end new currency is issued. Inflation may be due to increase in demand of goods and services may result in get hold in price level. Also when cost of production increases the prices goes up it may rise due to the higher wage levels, higher cost of raw material or more taxes on the production of commodities. These may affect the revenue projections by the government in place as it may under view or overcast the revenue projections.In some cases citizens may not comply with the rules and regulations of a country in that they could like to practice tax evasion. This is a criminal offence involving evasion of tax through fraudulent means e. g. the manipulation of financial statem ents and failure to make full disclosure of taxable income, or engagement in illegal activities e. g. parching, drug trafficking etc where income is generated without paying tax. This affects the revenue projections by the government because at the long run it will end up underestimating the revenue to be expected.Capital expenditures for replacement of equipment and emergence expenditures like floods which require an immediate attention. This usually affects the revenue projections because it was not budgeted for or projected for. This will end up diverting some amount meant for another purpose to be used in that emergence in order to save the situation. Or in other cases where a machine used in the intensive care unit is not functioning, it will require an immediate attention so as to purchase a new one in order to save the lives of the patients.Diverting from designed performance measures is crucial because annual cash flow statements and budgetary budget flows are necessary to m aintain the business focused on annual expenses and changes to the same. Realistic interpretations of the best use of income generated through taxes, fees, surcharges and capital funds ties it into most good and accessible to public use of the money that will benefit all the most. Develop a revenue policy that aligns with community values.A public policy must take into consideration the prevailing customs, traditions and conventions of people. Thus, the policy must not go against established ways of life of the people unless it is extremely desirable to frame one that bans a social evil. Also it must take into account the availability of resources especially financial resources that are critical for its implementation. Such resources may be derived either from national budget or other sources such as donors or loans from commercial banks.Most employees would like to dedicate without any difficulty to the revenue of the country if their community interests are going to be catered f or. The residents would like to have available facilities like a hospital near home or work, and that of suburbs wish to enhance tax base, and enjoy the benefits of their contributions. Strategic plans and major projects often have the same type of written statement of record. Citizens in general, advocate for a return on investment.Public administrators and urban planners share the idea that government should support reinvestment in communities in order for them to prosper. For example if the country comes up with a policy to have a certain community to contribute more to the kitty of revenue so as to build an hospital . The community will contribute positively because it will help them in many ways like travelling a short distance to get the services and also employment. This will save many lives were it that they were emergencies and people were to travel long distances to get the services.If there is a plan to initiate a project like an industry in a certain community, the resi dents will be willing to contribute to that project as they will be assured of the benefits from it. Fines and penalties are also compulsory unanswered payments, but are distinct from taxes as they should be punitive in nature and imposed by a judicial body. This may be imposed on people who go against the morals or the norms of the community. Social Contributions are payments either from employees or employers in exchange for Social benefits in the future, or to fancy against risk in the future.Voluntary Social Contributions are excluded from measures of the tax burden e. g. Payments to pension schemes. Conclusion In general, public policy undergoes several stages from problem identification, order of business seytting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and monitoring and evaluation. In the study of public policy there are theories and go aboutes to its study. They include rationalist/comprehensive approach which emphasizes the idea of maximum socia l gain from the policy. For a policy to be adopted its benefits must exceed its benefits.If the forecaster overestimates revenues in any one country, the consequences are serious plans must be cut so as to meet the revenue which is received, implying that services will be reduced, or citizens will be taxed more in which case political and administrative costs are acquired. if the forecaster underestimates revenue, however, no such consequences must be confronted because the programs will be run within the budget limit. The costs which may be incurred from underestimating revenues are significantly less than the costs which may be incurred from overestimating revenues.Implementing policy may end up with results which were unanticipated it may come from a policy whose reach goes beyond the problem it was initially meant to address. REFERENCES Dirk Jan Kraan. Budgetary Decisions, A Public Choice Approach (1996), Dye Thomas, instinct Public constitution, (1984) Henry Nicholas, Public Administration and Public Affairs, (1995) James E. Anderson, Public Policymaking An Introduction. (2006). McLennan B. Comparative Public Policy (1980) Praeger, Public Sector Management, (1990) Sabatier, P. , and Mazmanian, D. Implementation and Public Policy (1989)

How Stalin Became a Leader of Russia

How and why did Stalin win to be the leader of Russia? Stalins homoipulative personality Joseph Stalin was known to have a manipulative personality. He was persuasive, educated, refractory however also arrogant (due to his position as oecumenic sectarian). Also Lenin is rude as Lenin said in his testament Stalin is too rude. subsequently Lenin died during the struggle for power Stalin was reasonably quiet at the beginning. This makes him sly and sneaky because we get the impression he is up to no good. Stalin also lied slightly the date of Lenins funeral to Trotsky.This meant that Trotsky didnt tt contain the funeral which make Trotsky look really bad and disrespectful. Lying about the funeral date makes Stalin look cunning and his personality doesnt seem like a becoming person. However these factors aided him to become future leader of Russia. Stalins choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power.However in early 1925 Zinoviev and Kamenev split from Stalin, he Joined with Bukharin instead because Stalin said he was in favour of NEP. Zinoviev and Kamenev were removed from the troupe because they were against NEP. However in 1928 Stalin ended his alliance with Bukharin and rejected NEP he had more communist ideas which appealed to young communist followers which helped him win the right to vote in 1929 which meant he won and became the leader of Russia.During the beginning of the struggle for power he was neither left wing not regenerate wing (of communist ideas, all members of communism were left wing) Stalin stayed in the middle. By doing this he didnt seem like a threat to anyone as he slowly crept up to have power. Stalins use of General Sectary Stalin being General Sectary he was able to promote his followers but also demote and even onslaught people who irrelevant h im. In my opinion without his General Sectary post many of his rivals who were in the power struggle wouldVe defeated Stalin early on.He allied himself with whoever seemed strongest at that point and because he was General Sectary he had authority to spy on people development secret police and another murder not Just the person who had opposed him, but also their whole family. Lenin almost predicted that Stalins role of General Sectary is a bad thing because he has too much power Stalin has limitless authority concentrated in his ands Also as he was General Sectary this made him popular with the communist followers because he had a abundant role in the communist party.Stalins use of Lenins legacy Betore Lenin died ne nad written a testament about Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. In the testament Lenin hadnt said any good things about Stalin. Lenin said negative things such as l am not sure whether Stalin will always be capable of using that authority with sufficie nt caution and as seen in future events Stalin didnt use his role of General Sectary properly, he used it to promote his followers and fire his opponents. He also used it as an excuse to murder which isnt acceptable. l suggest the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man in his stead being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite, and more considerate to the comrades Lenin suggested that Stalin should be removed from his General Sectary post, if he was he may have not become leader of Russia at all? However Stalin kept his post as General Sectary. All of the members of the communist party intractable to keep Lenins testament a secret because Lenin had said bad things about all of them so it would be a better idea not to verbalize the public.At Lenins funeral Stalin spoke about Lenin which is strange, because Lenin and Stalin never got along. Stalin had an argument with Lenins wife before Lenin had died. Because Stalin had spoken at Len ins funeral this makes people respect Stalin more, and he gained more popularity. Stalins opponents weaknesses TROTSKY In Lenins testament Lenin describe Trotsky with outstanding ability, very able and intelligent. However he was very arrogant and there was an element of mistrust. Trotsky decided to stay on his own during 1923-24 which also made him weaker.He ecame an enemy of Stalin and Stalin lied to him about the date of Lenins funeral which then meant Trotsky was unable to turn up which made him very unpopular. He was also very ill which meant that he missed important meetings. BUKHARIN Lenin described Bukharin as very popular and likeable. However he wasnt fully communist and his commitment must be questioned. During 1923-24 Bukharin was in the right wing (of communist ideas) but he didnt play a big role in the struggle for power. However he teamed up with Stalin during 1925. Bukharin became an enemy of Stalin in 1928 and delayed Bukharins plane so he missed an important meeti ng.However he was still considered the favourite of the party until he arranged a secret meeting with Zinoviev and Kamenev, Stalin found out and told everyone so Bukharin became unpopular because people couldnt trust him which weakened him greatly. ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV Zinoviev and Kamenev were described as too cautious because they didnt play a big role in the October revolution. This means that their commitment must be questioned. They allied with Stalin very early on in 1923 however they ended their alliance with Stalin at the end of 1924 because they no longer wanted NEP and ntended to become more industrialised.However they became unpopular because they challenged Bukharins authority in 1927 (this is when Stalin and Bukharin were together). A vote proved this which made them weaker. They were never re-elected after that vote and feared Stalin and Bukharin more than Trotsky. However they made an alliance with Trotsky and were in favour of left wing communism (world revolution). Because of this the three of them were expelled from the party. This weakened them the most, they were re-admitted after they publicly apologised but Stalin besides used Zinoviev and Kamenev for their tactics.

Ethical Considerations in Motivated Learning

When students have goals to achieve, the motivation to do more or better goes into overdrive. conclusion conjecture and Ethical Implications The goal theory of motivation is explained by Such nun (2012) as, Goal theory postulates that important relations exist among goals, expectations, attributions, conceptions of ability, motivational orientations, br another(prenominal)ly and self comparisons, and accomplishment expressions (Andersen & Welters, Blundered, Elliot, Maier & Shush, Pinprick, Pinprick & Shush, Whiner, as cited in Chunk 201 2, p. 374). Goals, values, and expectations ar mappings of motivation within earning as described social cognitive theorists.Goals are set and win is adjudicated, when progress is made toward those goals, an individuals self- efficacy, self-motivation and self-achievement is validated. Goals provide the individual marker points to assess ones progress to mastering the desired outcome or knowledge retention on a particular subject. Motivatio n is goal- directed behavior instigated and sustained by peoples expectations concerning the anticipated outcomes of their actions and their self-efficacy for makeing those actions (Bandeau, as cited in Chunk, 201 2, p. 372).The ales of a learner are a signalise part of this motivation. If they find what they are learning self-satisfying and important they are more likely to be motivated to learn and achieve the goals that have been established. When talking nearly goals in relation to goal theories it is evident that accredited honorable standards may be impacted due to the need of achievement to the final desired outcome. through and through achieving goals as an example in social cognitive theory one may have to violate the individual autonomy or safety within the subjects community.Nagy (201 1) states, There are occasions when psychologists sight have to initiate safeguards to help ensure the autonomy and safety of individuals or communities. The ethical principles of moder n psychologists are to evaluate what ethical standards may be violated in the pursuit of the us abject achieving set goals either through their therapeutic processes or learning processes. some(prenominal) areas of concern are reflected in individualized role differences, cultural, individual, and vulnerabilities in where access to legal protections and violation of ones personal rights may be threatened.The psychologist is to ensure that other adult male attributes of the members immediate society shall not be violated in the pursuit of the subjects goals and should be clearly explained in a therapeutic setting. Achievement Motivation Theory and Ethical Implications The achievement motivation theory is based on the belief that all individuals have needs and go through an unconscious process to get to meet these needs (Rayon, 1969). According to Chunk, The study of achievement motivation is central to education and learning (p. 58). In the achievement motivation theory, individua ls strive to be become and outride competent in heir participation in forceful activities. Individuals strive achieve their goals (Whiner, 1975). In learning individuals might strive to be rewarded with good grades for their profound work. The achievement of the grade is what motivates the individual to complete the assignment. The achievement motivation theory has been linked to personality through the desire individuals have to satisfy needs (Chunk, 2012).Contemporary models of achievement motivation theory emphasized the contribution of supremacy expectancy, and an individuals discernd value of the task to be completed (2012). Chunk (2012) tastes, Students initial motivational beliefs center on goals, self-concepts of abilities, and perceptions of task demands (p. 362). In the self-worth theory of achievement motivation individuals base their achievement in their perception of self-worth based on results of emotional conflicts between hope for success and the fear of failure (Chunk, 2012).An individual is driven by their anticipation of success and their anxiety of failing. People are driven by their fear of failure and organism perceived by others as incompetent and unworthy. Ethical disadvantages to the achievement motivation theory include the low reliability and correlation with other achievement measurements (Chunk, 2012). An individuals perception on the way others perceive them can also be a pitfall in the utilization Of the achievement motivational theory.The cultural background, gender role stereotypes and other ethical issues could alter an individuals perception of their ability to achieve the goals in which they have set. Social Cognitive Theory and Ethical Implications Social Cognitive Theory, certain by Albert Bandeau emphasizes learning based off of social surroundings. As one grows from childhood to adolescence and later in adulthood, there is a heavy stoop from family and friends, as well as career setting that mold people into who t here are (Chunk, 2010).Bandeau stated, Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention risky if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. (Bandeau, 1971). This explains that one develops skills form observation of others. Bandeau goes on to say, Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling from observing others one forms an idea of new behaviors are reformed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a admit for action. In other words, learning comes from a live model with full demonstration of behavior that is exhibited by others. There are many different ethical dilemmas that can surface in psychological practices with utilization of the social cognitive motivation theory. Kismet (1991) suggested that, Studies pertaining to ethical decision qualification and attitude toward social and behavioral research suggest that certain extra scientific characteristics of researchers may be associated with different stances on ethical issues or may influence the kinds of ethical decisions drawn. ground on the psychologists attitude toward the research could influence the behavior of the participants engaging in behavior that is deemed unethical. There is always an ethical concern when dealing with biased judging of psychologists, which can then turned into manipulation to achieve specific results Attribution Theory of Motivation and Ethical Implications In psychology the study of motivation is apply to help understand and explain any type of observed change behavior that has occurred in a person.Motivation is usually a valued form of exertion since effects that occur from change are typically only temporary (Male, 2004). When a person become slightly motivated to accomplish or perform a task due to a motivation change, this person could latter have very little interest in this task due to another(prenominal) change in motivation. Since motivation changes a chann el over and over it becomes difficult to measure and use in psychology (Male, 2004). Primary and basic motives are looked at as hunger, need for drink, sexual, to avoided aggression, pain, and fear.This primary drive of motivation or individuals comes from the basic needs and survival. Secondary individuals typically will look for power, achievement and other specialized motivations. Attribution theory in motivation has been researched in a variety of ways (Male, 2004). Research methods include of electrical stimulant and chemical stimulation in the human hit. This recorded the electric brain wave activity though the use of an electroencephalograph. Lesion techniques are often used to study the portion of the brain that has been destroyed and the subsequent changes have been changed.Attempts to analyze people at psychological level try to understand why people behave in certain ways. Motivation is people could contribute to presence of other in their social world. It is difficult for psychologist to fully measure what motivates individuals to accomplish secondary motives in their lives making it a tall pitfall for psychology use (Male, 2004). Many individuals gain motivation for personal needs and draw motivation from many different areas of life making it hard to measure and test. Conclusion In conclusion, motivated learning has various aspects tied into it.Goals are important for those who are interested in achieving a high level of success. While desiring to reach these goals, students begin to understand that there are steps or tasks to partake in for them to acquire achievement. When students begin to believe how others perceive them, it can cause their motivation to take a left turn. Those who deal with social issues often deal with the influence of the people around them. The motivation to do more has to come from our personal experiences. It can be linked to growing up poor, not have the right people around to guide you, and etc.